The African sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus), a bird native to sub-Saharan Africa and parts of the Middle East, has become an invasive species in Italy and other parts of southern Europe over the past few decades.
The African sacred ibis was historically revered in ancient Egypt, often associated with the god Thoth. In modern times, it was introduced to parts of Europe—particularly in France and Italy—mainly through zoo escapes and deliberate releases for ornamental or educational purposes.
The sacred ibis first appeared in Italy in the 1990s and early 2000s, especially in northern and central regions such as Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, and Lombardy.
The birds escaped from captivity and established breeding populations, thriving in wetlands, rice fields, and along rivers.
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